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UNDESCENDED TESTICLES
Undescended testicles in a newborn are a condition in which one or both testicles have not descended into the scrotal sac before birth. This condition is mostly observed in premature newborns and is also known as Cryptorchidism. Usually, in 90% of cases, only one testicle is not descended but whereas in 10% of cases, both of these testicles are undescended.
In most of the circumstances the Undescended testicles get into their proper location on its own in first few months of life, If it doesn't correct itself within 6 months then the testicles can be relocated into the scrotal sac through surgery.

Signs & Symptoms
Not observing or absence of feeling a testicle where it is expected to be in the scrotal sac is the major sign of this condition.
In a few instances, there is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the groin.

Causes
The exact cause of undescended testicles is not known.
A combination of maternal health, genetics & other environmental factors may disrupt the hormones, nerve activity and physical changes that influence the development of testicles.

Risk factors
Low birth-weight
Premature birth
Any genital development problems.
Alcohol intake by mother
Cigarette smoking or exposure to Cigarette smoking or pesticides by mother.
Other health-related issues of a mother like Obesity
Diagnosis
Physical examination.
Ultrasound scan of Scrotum
Tests of hormone levels.

Treatment

If the testicles have not relocated into the scrotum within the first 6 months, then the problem probably won t correct itself. Treating this Undescended testicle in their early months of infancy for a baby will lower the risk of complications in their later life such as Infertility, Testicular Cancer.
SURGERY An undescended testicle is corrected with surgery. The surgeon carefully manipulates the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into the place which is called Orchiopexy.

This procedure can be done in either of two ways:
Laparoscopy: In this procedure, a small tube containing a camera is inserted through a small incision into the baby s abdomen to locate an Intra-abdominal testicle. The doctor may be able to fix the Undescended testicle during the same procedure, but van additional surgery may be required in some cases. In some instances, Laparoscopy may show no testicle present or a small remnant of non-functioning testicular tissue which is then removed surgically.

Open surgery: A larger incision may be necessary for some cases for direct exploration of the abdomen or groin in this procedure.

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